活性(xing)炭吸(xi)附(fu)是利用活性(xing)炭的物理(li)吸(xi)附(fu)、化(hua)學吸(xi)附(fu)、氧化(hua)、催化(hua)氧化(hua)和還原等性(xing)能去除水(shui)中污染物的水(shui)處理(li)方法。

活(huo)(huo)(huo)性炭是用(yong)(yong)木材、煤、果殼等含碳(tan)物質在高(gao)溫(wen)缺(que)(que)氧條件下活(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)制成，它(ta)具有巨大的(de)比(bi)表(biao)面積(500-1700m2/g)。水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)過(guo)程中使用(yong)(yong)的(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性炭有粉(fen)末炭和粒狀(zhuang)炭兩類。粉(fen)末炭采用(yong)(yong)混懸接觸吸附方(fang)式，而(er)粒狀(zhuang)炭則采用(yong)(yong)過(guo)濾吸附方(fang)式。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性炭吸附法廣泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于給水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)及廢水(shui)(shui)二級處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)出水(shui)(shui)的(de)深度處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。其主要(yao)優(you)點是處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)程度高(gao)，效果穩(wen)定。缺(que)(que)點是處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)費用(yong)(yong)高(gao)昂。

活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)用(yong)木(mu)屑、果殼(ke)、褐煤等含碳(tan)物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為原料，經碳(tan)化和(he)活(huo)(huo)化制成(cheng)。有粉狀(粒(li)(li)徑為10～50微米)和(he)顆粒(li)(li)狀(粒(li)(li)徑為0.4～2.4毫(hao)米)兩種。通性(xing)(xing)(xing)是多孔，比表面積大。總(zong)表面積達(da)每克500～1000㎡。主要性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)參數是吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)容(rong)量和(he)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)速率。吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)容(rong)量是單(dan)位重(zhong)量活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)達(da)到吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)飽和(he)時能(neng)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)的溶(rong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量，和(he)原料、制造過程及再(zai)生方法有關(guan)。吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)容(rong)量越大，所用(yong)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)量越省。吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)速率是指(zhi)單(dan)位重(zhong)量活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)在單(dan)位時間(jian)內能(neng)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)的溶(rong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量。因吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)有選擇性(xing)(xing)(xing)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)參數應由實驗測定(ding)。顆粒(li)(li)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)要有一定(ding)的機(ji)械強度和(he)粒(li)(li)徑規(gui)格。

活(huo)(huo)性炭在同(tong)溫同(tong)壓(ya)下,不同(tong)吸附(fu)劑對一(yi)定分子(zi)的(de)(de)吸附(fu)能力有所不同(tong)。活(huo)(huo)性炭不斷吸附(fu)水中(zhong)溶(rong)質，直到(dao)吸附(fu)平(ping)(ping)衡即溶(rong)質濃(nong)度不再改變時(shi)為止。一(yi)定溫度下，達到(dao)吸附(fu)平(ping)(ping)衡時(shi)，單位重(zhong)(zhong)量活(huo)(huo)性炭所吸附(fu)的(de)(de)溶(rong)質重(zhong)(zhong)量和水中(zhong)溶(rong)質濃(nong)度的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)曲線(xian)，稱為吸附(fu)等溫線(xian)。